Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow in a noble landowning family. His maternal great-grandfather was the African Abram Petrovich Hannibal, a pupil and servant of Tsar Peter the Great. The poet's parents Sergei Lvovich and Nadezhda Osipovna, in addition to Alexander, also raised a daughter Olga and a son Leo.

In early childhood, Pushkin often visits his grandmother in the village of Zakharov near Moscow. Here he gets acquainted with the nanny Arina Rodionovna, who became a close person to him for the rest of his life.

Alexander Pushkin: youth and the beginning of the creative path

In 1811, when Alexander was 12 years old, he was taken to the Tsarskoselsky Lyceum near St. Petersburg, a new educational institution that had just opened. From its early years it was characterized by a chamber-like, creative atmosphere. Many of the lyceum students tried writing poetry and prose, and published handwritten journals.

Pushkin's poems were first published in 1814. In the magazine "Herald of Europe" published his poem "To a Verse-Writer Friend". In the same year, the young poet was admitted to the literary society "Arzamas".

At the exam and graduation Pushkin triumphantly read his poems "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo" and "Faithlessness." In 1815 he graduated in the rank of collegiate secretary of the twelfth class, then moved to St. Petersburg and entered the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Pushkin continues to write, in the first years after graduating from the Lyceum published poems "Village", "Household", "Chaadayev", ode "Freedom". In his work reflected the ideas of radicalized after the victory over Napoleon society, and Tsar Alexander I ordered to send the poet in exile in Siberia. Thanks to the efforts of his friends, instead of Siberia Pushkin was exiled to the south in 1820.

Alexander Pushkin: southern exile

The poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" he finalized already in the Caucasus. Despite the exile, the poet was not restricted in his movements. He lived in the Crimea, Kishinev, Kiev, Odessa. Impressions of these years are reflected in Pushkin's southern poems:

"The Caucasian Captive";

"Bandit Brothers";

"The Fountain of Bakhchisarai."

"The Gypsies."

In Kishinev, the poem "Gavriliada" was written, and also in May 1823 began a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin".

In July 1823, the poet was enrolled in the service of the governor of the Novorossiysk region, Count Mikhail Vorontsov. Their relationship for many reasons did not work out. A year later, Vorontsov dismissed Pushkin for careless remarks in a letter about religion. The poet goes into a new exile, this time to the village of Mikhailovskoye, Pskov Province, where his mother's estate was.

Alexander Pushkin: exile in Mikhailovskoye

Initially Pushkin wanted to avoid exile to Mikhailovskoye, but soon came to terms with it. The beauties of nature, the charm of the ancient Pskov land, communication with peasants, with nanny Arina Rodionovna - all this gave an impetus to the poet's creativity.

In Mikhailovsky about 100 works of the poet were created: the tragedy "Boris Godunov", the poem "Count Nulin", poems "Village", "Imitations of the Koran", "Prophet", "Bacchic Song", "I Remember a Wonderful Moment...", "Once again I visited...", village chapters of the novel "Eugene Onegin".

The death of Tsar Alexander I, the uprising in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, the ascension to the throne of Nicholas I changed the fate of Pushkin. The new tsar allowed the poet to live wherever he wanted, but at the same time declared himself the personal censor of the creator.

In the second half of the 1820s, Pushkin's life was complicated by circumstances: the struggle with the censor escalated, denunciations were written on the poet, his name was mentioned in dangerous political investigations.

Alexander Pushkin: Boldin Autumn

In the fall of 1830, the poet arrives at his father's Boldino estate in Nizhny Novgorod to take possession of the nearby village of Kistenevo. Cholera quarantines delayed the poet for three months, this time became the famous Boldinsky Autumn, the highest point of Pushkin's work. Here he wrote the works:

"Belkin's Tales";

"Little Tragedies";

"A House in Kolomna";

"The Story of the Village of Goryukhin";

"The Tale of the Don and his Worker Balda."

Here were also written the last chapters of the novel "Eugene Onegin".

Alexander Pushkin: the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Work on the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin completed in September 1830. It took seven years to write it, during which time not only the plot of the work changed, but also the author himself. If in the first chapters you can feel the influence of romanticism, then later Pushkin refuses the one-sidedness of the romantic point of view. The poet strives to present his heroes as real characters. In "Eugene Onegin" describes all known places, everyday details, mentions famous contemporaries, new theatrical trends.

The novel, except for the letters of Tatiana and Onegin, is written in a special, innovative "Onegin stanza".

The largest artistic work of the poet had a fateful influence on Russian literature. Belinsky called the novel "an encyclopedia of Russian life" of the early twentieth century, and Alexander Sergeevich himself defined his work as a feat.

Alexander Pushkin: personal life

February 18 (March 2, old style) 1831, an important event in the personal life of Pushkin took place. He married his beloved Natalia Goncharova.

Then still 16-year-old beauty Natalia Goncharova Pushkin first saw at a ball in December 1828 and fell in love at first sight.

A few months later, the poet came to the house of the Goncharovs matchmaking.But the parents of the bride gave their consent to the wedding only after 3 years.

The newlyweds lived first in Moscow, then in Tsarskoye Selo.In May 1832, a daughter Maria was born, and over the next four years the family had three more children - Gregory, Natalia and Alexander.

Alexander Pushkin: return to St. PetersburgIt was not easy for Pushkin to support his family.Having moved to St. Petersburg, Alexander Sergeevich again enters the service.At the same time, he continues to write. Published the drama "Boris Godunov", conceived works "Dubrovsky" and "History of Pugachev".

In 1933, the Emperor granted Alexander Pushkin chamber-junker title.This title was usually given to young men, and the poet was already thirty-five years old. Pushkin was deeply offended.The title allowed the poet and Natalia Goncharova to attend the imperial balls - this is what Nicholas I, who had sympathy for the young beauty.

At this time, Alexander Sergeevich unsuccessfully tried to provide himself with an income.He took from the Emperor loan after loan, published "History of Pugachev", then took up the publication of the magazine "Contemporary", which printed works by Gogol, Vyazemsky, Turgenev, Zhukovsky and Pushkin himself.However, his projects did not bring profit, and the debt to the treasury was growing.

Pushkin's last major work was the story "Captain's Daughter". It was created in parallel with the "History of Pugachev" and was completed on the anniversary of the Lyceum, October 19, 1836.

Other reasons for joy in Alexander Sergeevich in this year was not.In the spring, his mother died, and the poet was severely affected by this loss.Then Pushkin reached gossip related to the name of his wife and Baron Dantes, who courted Natalia Nikolaevna, despite her status as a married lady.

The first duel through the efforts of friends of the poet was canceled, although Alexander Sergeevich was ready to defend the honor of his wife, in whose fidelity he did not doubt. But the rumors did not subside, and the second duel still took place.

Alexander Pushkin: deathThe fateful meeting took place on January 27, 1837 on the Black River. The bullet, released by Dantes, hit Pushkin in the stomach. For that time, the wound was fatal.Alexander Sergeyevich lived for two more days.He had time to ask the Emperor to take care of his family, confessed to the priest, said goodbye to his relatives and died on January 29 (February 10 - New Style), 1837.